Marine CSEM time‐lapse repeatability for hydrocarbon field monitoring

Abstract

The marine Controlled‐Source Electromagnetic (CSEM) method has become a well‐established geophysical tool for 3D imaging of multiple resistive bodies. While traditionally being considered an exploration tool, improved data quality and advanced processing methods put mapping detailed resistivity distributions using CSEM methods in reach. Particularly in conjunction with 3D‐ and 4D‐seismic technology defining the structural container, marine CSEM can add a complementary image of the bulk distribution of resistors. Using real data and supported by modeling, we assess the capability of CSEM technology for time‐lapse monitoring, including the dominant sources of non‐repeatability.