The Effect of Cigarette Smoke Constituents on the Expression of HLA-DR in Orbital Fibroblasts Derived from Patients with Graves Ophthalmopathy

Abstract

The results suggest a possible molecular mechanism for the more severe ophthalmopathy observed in Graves patients who smoke cigarettes. These findings could prove useful for possible medical interventions to decrease or even inhibit the interaction between cigarette constituents, cytokines, and orbital fibroblasts.