Sphenopalatine and Anterior Ethmoidal Artery Ligation for Severe Epistaxis

Abstract

We conclude that ELSPA and ELSPEA are effective, well-tolerated, reliable procedures if performed by an experienced surgeon. Their failure can be explained by anatomic lateral nasal wall variations and perioperative technical difficulties. They can be appropriate methods to treat severe recurrent epistaxis refractory to repeated nasal packing.