Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates

TLDR

The study investigates how voters’ expectations of gendered competence arise by contrasting gender‑trait and gender‑belief stereotypes. An experiment with 297 undergraduates randomly exposed to male or female candidates described with masculine or feminine traits tested predictions from the two stereotype models. Results favored the trait stereotype model, showing that warm and expressive candidates were judged more competent on compassion issues, instrumental candidates on military and economic issues, and that masculine instrumental traits broadened perceived competence across issues, with only limited evidence for belief‑based expectations affecting compassion ratings.

Abstract

We investigate the origins of voters' expectations of greater female competency on issues, such as dealing with poverty or the aged, and greater male competency on military and defense issues. We contrast two alternative explanations: gender-trait stereotypes, emphasizing a candidate's gender-linked personality traits; and gender-belief stereotypes, placing greatest importance on the differing political outlooks of male and female candidates. We test contrasting predictions from these two approaches with data from an experiment in which 297 undergraduate participants were randomly assigned to hear about a male or a female candidate with typically masculine or feminine traits. Overall, there was stronger support for the trait approach. Warm and expressive candidates were seen as better at compassion issues; instrumental candidates were rated as more competent to handle the military and economic issues. Moreover, masculine instrumental traits increased the candidate's perceived competence on a broader range of issues than the feminine traits of warmth and expressiveness. Finally, there was some limited support for the belief approach with gender-based expectations about the candidates' political views affecting their rated competency on compassion but not other types of political issues.