The Effects of Smoked Nicotine on Measures of Subjective States and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Hormones in Women During the Follicular and Luteal Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

Abstract

This pilot study suggests that menstrual cycle phase differences in progesterone levels may attenuate nicotine's addictive effects via diminution of its reinforcing properties and augmentation of its aversive effects interfering with the pleasure associated with cigarette smoking.