<i>Post hoc</i> Verification of Quantum Computation

Abstract

We propose a set of protocols for verifying quantum computing at any time after the computation itself has been performed. We provide two constructions: one requires five entangled provers and a completely classical verifier; the other requires a single prover, a verifier, who is restricted to measuring qubits in the $X$ or $Z$ basis, and one-way quantum communication from the prover to the verifier. These results demonstrate that the verification can be achieved independently from the blindness. We also show that a constant round protocol with a single prover and a completely classical verifier is not possible, unless bounded error quantum polynomial time (BQP) is contained in the third level of the polynomial hierarchy.