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Geochronology of the central Colorado volcanic field
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Citations
30
References
2004
Year
Unknown Venue
VolcanologyEngineeringVolcanismGeomorphologyEarth ScienceRegional GeologyGeological DataRegional TectonicsGeochronologyVolcanic ProcessNeotectonicsGeographyGeologyMarshall CreekArkansas RiverTectonicsStructural GeologyQuaternary Tectonic DeformationEarth SciencesCaldera Sources
The central Colorado volcanic field (CCVF) consists of at least ten late Eocene/Oligocene (38–29 Ma) eruptive centers and their volcanic products dispersed over approximately 22,000 km 2 in the Southern Rocky Mountains. The CCVF originally covered most of the Sawatch Range, southern Front Range, Wet Mountains, northern Sangre de Cristo Range, and the areas between. Outflow aprons extended onto the High Plains to the east, merged with the San Juan volcanic field to the southwest, and over lapped the Colorado Mineral Belt on the north and west. The CCVF was severely dissected by Neogene faulting and erosion leaving widely scattered remnants, the largest of which is the Thirtynine Mile volcanic area (previously known as the Thirtynine Mile volcanic field), located between South Park and the Arkansas River. Most of the larger erosional remnants, including the Thirtynine Mile remnant, consist of a combination of products of local eruptive centers and regional ignimbrites erupted from caldera sources in or near the Sawatch Range. We have developed a timestratigraphic framework for the CCVF using 40Ar/39Ar dating and pale omagnetic characterization of regional ignimbrites (ashflow tuffs) as stratigraphic markers to corre late remnants of the volcanic field. 40Ar/39Ar ages of subcaldera plutons and noncaldera rhyolitic and andesitic volcanism help flesh out this framework. Our interpretation of the eruptive history of the CCVF is based on our database of 83 singlecrystal laserfusion analyses of sanidine, 45 resistance furnace stepheating analyses of other phases (biotite, hornblende, groundmass), and paleomagnetic study of 40 sites. Caldera volcanism in the CCVF was active between 36.7 and 32.9 Ma. erupting seven regional ign imbrites that spread mainly eastward along paleovalleys on the late Eocene erosion surface. Four caldera centers have been recognized in the Sawatch Range (Grizzly Peak, Mount Aetna, Bonanza, and Marshall Creek); three of these calderas erupted four of the regional ignimbrites (Antero Tuff, 33.8 Ma; Badger Creek Tuff, 33.8 Ma; Thorn Ranch Tuff, 33.7 Ma; and Gribbles Park Tuff, 32.9 Ma). Caldera sources have not yet been determined for three other regional ignimbrites (Wall Mountain Tuff, 36.7 Ma; tuff of Stirrup Ranch, 36.5 Ma; and East Gulch Tuff, 33.7 Ma). Two ignimbrites (Fish Canyon Tuff, 27.8 Ma; and Carpenter Ridge Tuff, 27.4 Ma) erupted from the San Juan volcanic field and lapped onto the CCVF. Other eruptive centers within the CCVF include Cripple Creek (32.5–30.9 Ma), Silver Cliff–Rosita Hills (35.4–32.0 Ma), Guffey (36.1 Ma), Waugh Mountain (31.6 –31.3 Ma), and Nathrop (30.4–28.9 Ma). Dated plutons in the Sawatch Range are Mount Princeton batholith (34.3 Ma), Mount Aetna Quartz Monzonite (34.1 Ma), and Mount Antero Granite (29.6 Ma). Three fossiliferous sedimen tary deposits were also dated; they are Antero Formation (33.8 Ma), PitchPinnacle Formation (33.7–32.9 Ma), and Florissant Formation (34.1 Ma). Compilation of more than 300 chemical analyses from the literature and from student theses indi cate that rocks of the CCVF are calcalkaline to alkaline in composition and relatively rich in potassi um. Ignimbrites are dacites, trachydacites, and rhyolites. Lavas are dominantly trachyandesites and trachydacites. Alkalinity increases eastward toward the Rocky Mountains–High Plains boundary. Cripple Creek and the Silver CliffRosita Hills centers erupted highly alkaline rocks and are precious metal mining districts of the Great Plains Margin type. Atype granites and topaz rhyolites were emplaced along the flanks of the Rio Grande rift between about 30 and 29 Ma.
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