Biomarkers of early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in smokers and former smokers. Protocol of a longitudinal study

Abstract

The study design will enable discovery of new biomarkers by using novel mass spectrometric techniques that define early changes of COPD. Such panels of novel biomarkers may be able to distinguish COPD from closely related diseases, co-morbidities, and contribute to an increased understanding of these diseases. Graphical abstract KOL-Örestad Study.