CHANG-ES – VI. Probing Supernova energy deposition in spiral galaxies through multiwavelength relationships

Abstract

How a galaxy regulates its supernovae (SNe) energy into different interstellar/circumgalactic medium components strongly affects galaxy evolution. Based on the JVLA D-configuration C-(6 GHz) and L-band (1.6 GHz) continuum observations, we perform statistical analysis comparing multiwavelength properties of the Continuum Haloes in Nearby Galaxies -an EVLA Survey galaxies. The high-quality JVLA data and edge-on orientation enable us for the first time to include the halo into the energy budget for a complete radio-flux-limited sample. We find tight correlations of L radio with the mid-IR-based star formation rate (SFR). The normalization of our I 1.6 GHz /W Hz -1 -SFR relation is 2-3times of those obtained for face-on galaxies, probably a result of enhanced IR extinction at high inclination. We also find tight correlations between L radio and the SNe energy injection rate SN(Ia+CC) , indicating the energy loss via synchrotron radio continuum accounts for 1 of SN , comparable to the energy contained in cosmic ray electrons. The integrated C-to-L-band spectral index is 0.5-1.1 for non-active galactic nucleus galaxies, indicating a dominance by the diffuse synchrotron component. The low-scatter L radio -SFR/L radio -SN(Ia+CC) relationships have superlinear logarithmic slopes at 2 in L band (1.132 0.067/1.175 0.102) while consistent with linear in C band (1.057 0.075/1.100 0.123). The superlinearity could be naturally reproduced with non-calorimeter models for galaxy discs. Using Chandra halo X-ray measurements, we find sublinear L X -L radio relations. These results indicate that the observed radio halo of a starburst galaxy is close to electron calorimeter, and a galaxy with higher SFR tends to distribute an increased fraction of SNe energy into radio emission (than X-ray).