Identity Development in Relation to Time Beliefs in Emerging Adulthood: A Long-Term Longitudinal Study

Abstract

This study explores how identity development relates to time beliefs in the transition to adulthood. Time belief was evaluated by delay of gratification, unconcern for the future, and present-mindfulness. Longitudinal data (N = 232) were analyzed at ages 24, 27, and 30 using structural equation modeling. Commitment was positively related to delay of gratification and negatively to unconcern for the future, and exploration was positively related to present-mindfulness. These results suggest that a future-oriented attitude, including delay of gratification and concern for the future, as well as openness to experiences provided by present-mindfulness, contribute to the development of identity in the transition to young adulthood.