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Where does the toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles come from: The nanoparticles, the ions, or a combination of both?

NanoparticlesChemical EngineeringEnvironmental ChemistryEngineeringMetal NanoparticlesNanomaterialsNanotechnologyMetalloid ContaminationChemical HazardNanotoxicologyToxicologyMetal ToxicityEcotoxicologyEnvironmental ToxicologyChemistry