Need for In Operando Characterization of Electrochemical Interface Features

Abstract

The problems of understanding the electrode reaction kinetics and in particular the degradation of the kinetics destroying the electrode performance, is briefly described. This is followed by an analysis of information that is needed and which knowledge may be acquired by available in operando and in situ techniques. The latter is illustrated by some examples. Further, it is discussed how research may be improved by refining and combining the available methods. Finally, possible research strategies are discussed.