Publication | Open Access
THE DEUTERIUM FRACTION IN MASSIVE STARLESS CORES AND DYNAMICAL IMPLICATIONS
54
Citations
39
References
2016
Year
ABSTRACT We study deuterium fractionation in two massive starless/early-stage cores, C1-N and C1-S, in Infrared Dark Cloud G028.37+00.07, which was first identified by Tan et al. with ALMA. Line emission from multiple transitions of N 2 H + and N 2 D + were observed with the ALMA, CARMA, SMA, JCMT, NRO 45 m, and IRAM 30 m telescopes. By simultaneously fitting the spectra, we estimate the excitation conditions and deuterium fraction, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>frac</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mo>≡</mml:mo> <mml:mspace width="0.50em"/> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="true">[</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="true">]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="true">/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="true">[</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="true">]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , with values of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>frac</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> ≃ 0.2–0.7, several orders of magnitude above the cosmic [D]/[H] ratio. Additional observations of o-H 2 D + are also presented that help constrain the ortho-to-para ratio of H 2 , which is a key quantity affecting the degree of deuteration. We then present chemodynamical modeling of the two cores, especially exploring the implications for the collapse rate relative to free-fall, α ff . In order to reach the high level of observed deuteration of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> , we find that the most likely evolutionary history of the cores involves collapse at a relatively slow rate, ≲ one-tenth of free-fall.
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