Effect of Urea on Phase Transition of Poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) and Poly(<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-diethylacrylamide) Hydrogels: A Clue for Urea-Induced Denaturation

Abstract

1H MAS NMR spectroscopy has been applied to study the urea effect on phase transition of two similar thermosensitive polymer hydrogels: poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) (PDEA). It is found that urea influences the phase transition of the hydrogels in opposite ways: lowering the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAM and hence stabilizing its globular structure, whereas raising the LCST of PDEA and destabilizing the globular structure. The self-diffusion coefficient and urea–polymer nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) measurement reveal that urea has a stronger interaction with PNIPAM than with PDEA. Moreover, the enhanced positive water–PNIPAM NOE suggests that urea not only interacts directly with PNIPAM via hydrogen bond but also intensifies the hydrogen bonding interaction between water and PNIPAM. We suggest that different urea–polymer hydrogen bonding interaction due to the presence or absence of amide hydrogen is correlated with the distinct LCST variation of PNIPAM and PDEA.