Incidence and Spectrum of Renal Complications and Extrarenal Diseases and Syndromes in 380 Children and Young Adults With Horseshoe Kidney

Abstract

Half of children with HSK have renal complications or extrarenal diseases or syndromes. The incidence is higher in younger children, and the spectrum of complications, diseases, and syndromes differs from those reported in previous studies of adults with HSK. Children with HSK, especially young children, therefore require follow-up renal examinations and extensive extrarenal workup.