Risk of Hospitalization for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Bleeding Associated With Ketorolac, Other Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Calcium Antagonists, and Other Antihypertensive Drugs

Abstract

The excess risk of major upper gastrointestinal tract complications associated with outpatient use of ketorolac suggests an unfavorable risk-benefit assessment compared with other NSAIDs. More data are required to reduce the uncertainty about the apparent small increased risk of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in patients using calcium channel blockers.