Mate search and aggregation behaviour in the Galician hybrid zone of <i>Littorina saxatilis</i>

Abstract

Abstract In Galician rocky shores two ecotypes of the snail L. saxatilis can be found in sympatry. A ridged and banded ecotype (RB-morph) and a smooth and unbanded ecotype (SU-morph) overlap in midshore with the production of some hybrids. The distinct morphs mate assortatively and there is evidence of a partial reproductive barrier between them. This sexual isolation is caused by a nonrandom microdistribution and mate choice behaviour. Mucus trail-following, movement rate and aggregation behaviour were studied to determine their roles in the mating behaviour and sexual isolation of this species. Morph-specific mucus trail-following could not, in our experiments, explain either of these two processes. The reasons for the aggregation of morphs were investigated by Monte Carlo simulations of data from natural populations, which showed that size aggregation (refuge sizes fit different sized morphs differently) could explain only about 36% of the morph aggregation in adult snails. In the laboratory, morph aggregation was still present, and simulations suggested that size aggregation was the possible explanation. Thus, morph aggregation in Galician L. saxatilis has to be explained also by other causes in addition to size aggregation. These may be a combination of contrasting preferences for barnacle and mussel patches in the two morphs, and possibly longer copulation and pair formation time with similar sized snails of the same morph. Thus aggregation behaviour, but not trail-following, contributes to incipient reproductive isolation and perhaps sympatric speciation in Galician L. saxatilis populations.