Halogen bonds in biological molecules

TLDR

Oxygen–halogen interactions, known since the 1950s, are now used to design supramolecular assemblies. This survey examines protein and nucleic acid structures to identify halogen bonds that may stabilize interactions influencing ligand binding and folding. In biomolecules a halogen bond is a short C–X···O–Y interaction (X = Cl, Br, I; Y = carbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxylate, or phosphate) with X···O ≤ the sum of van der Waals radii and characteristic angles (~165° C–X···O and ~120° X···O–Y), though alternative geometries arise from different donor types. The distinct geometry and partner diversity of halogen bonds provide versatile tools for designing ligands as drugs and nanomaterials.

Abstract

Short oxygen-halogen interactions have been known in organic chemistry since the 1950s and recently have been exploited in the design of supramolecular assemblies. The present survey of protein and nucleic acid structures reveals similar halogen bonds as potentially stabilizing inter- and intramolecular interactions that can affect ligand binding and molecular folding. A halogen bond in biomolecules can be defined as a short C-X...O-Y interaction (C-X is a carbon-bonded chlorine, bromine, or iodine, and O-Y is a carbonyl, hydroxyl, charged carboxylate, or phosphate group), where the X...O distance is less than or equal to the sums of the respective van der Waals radii (3.27 A for Cl...O, 3.37 A for Br...O, and 3.50 A for I...O) and can conform to the geometry seen in small molecules, with the C-X...O angle approximately 165 degrees (consistent with a strong directional polarization of the halogen) and the X...O-Y angle approximately 120 degrees . Alternative geometries can be imposed by the more complex environment found in biomolecules, depending on which of the two types of donor systems are involved in the interaction: (i) the lone pair electrons of oxygen (and, to a lesser extent, nitrogen and sulfur) atoms or (ii) the delocalized pi -electrons of peptide bonds or carboxylate or amide groups. Thus, the specific geometry and diversity of the interacting partners of halogen bonds offer new and versatile tools for the design of ligands as drugs and materials in nanotechnology.