Satellites measure recent rates of groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley

TLDR

In highly productive agricultural areas such as California's Central Valley, groundwater often supplies the bulk of irrigation water, yet quantifying depletion rates is difficult due to limited monitoring and lack of reporting requirements. The study uses 78 months of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellite data to estimate water storage changes in California's Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins. Combining GRACE observations with additional data and hydrological modeling, the authors attribute most of the observed losses to groundwater depletion in the Central Valley. The basins lost water at 31.0 ± 2.7 mm yr⁻¹ (≈30.9 km³), with the Central Valley contributing 20.4 ± 3.9 mm yr⁻¹ (≈20.3 km³), a rate that may threaten U.S.

Abstract

In highly-productive agricultural areas such as California's Central Valley, where groundwater often supplies the bulk of the water required for irrigation, quantifying rates of groundwater depletion remains a challenge owing to a lack of monitoring infrastructure and the absence of water use reporting requirements. Here we use 78 months (October, 2003–March, 2010) of data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellite mission to estimate water storage changes in California's Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins. We find that the basins are losing water at a rate of 31.0 ± 2.7 mm yr−1 equivalent water height, equal to a volume of 30.9 km3 for the study period, or nearly the capacity of Lake Mead, the largest reservoir in the United States. We use additional observations and hydrological model information to determine that the majority of these losses are due to groundwater depletion in the Central Valley. Our results show that the Central Valley lost 20.4 ± 3.9 mm yr−1 of groundwater during the 78-month period, or 20.3 km3 in volume. Continued groundwater depletion at this rate may well be unsustainable, with potentially dire consequences for the economic and food security of the United States.