Cathepsin L stimulates autophagy and inhibits apoptosis of ox-LDL-induced endothelial cells: Potential role in atherosclerosis

Abstract

The activation of endothelial cells by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) with subsequent increases in endothelial permeability occurs in the early stage of atherosclerosis. Cathepsin L (CATL) is one of the cysteine proteases and has been implicated in advanced atherosclerotic lesions and plaque instability. This study aimed to explore the role of CATL in ox-LDL-induced early atherosclerotic events and to delineate the underlying mechanism. Results showed that ox-LDL upregulated CATL protein levels and activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECs) in a concentration-dependent manner and stimulated EC autophagy and apoptosis and increased EC monolayer permeability. Concomitantly, VE-cadherin expression was decreased. When ECs were pretreated with a CATL inhibitor, ox-LDL-induced autophagy was inhibited while apoptosis was further increased. In addition, the VE-cadherin protein level was increased, and the EC monolayer permeability was reduced. Taken together, the present study showed that the upregulated expression and activation of CATL induced by ox-LDL, increased EC autophagy and antagonized EC apoptosis, which partly neutralized the effect of increased EC monolayer permeability mediated by the downregulation of VE-cadherin. Thus, the proatherogenic effect of CATL was partly neutralized by inducing autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis in early stages of atherosclerosis.