Endoscopic assessment of the oesophageal features of eosinophilic oesophagitis: validation of a novel classification and grading system

TLDR

Brain‑machine interfaces promise restoration of sensory and motor function and treatment of neurological disorders, yet clinical adoption remains limited by modest channel counts. This white paper outlines Neuralink’s initial steps toward a scalable, high‑bandwidth BMI system. Neuralink built arrays of up to 3,072 flexible electrode threads distributed across 96 threads, inserted by a neurosurgical robot at six threads per minute with micron precision, packaged into a sub‑23 × 18.5 × 2 mm³ implantable device with on‑board amplification and digitization, and streamed full‑bandwidth data via a single USB‑C cable. The system achieved up to 85.5 % spiking yield in chronically implanted electrodes and demonstrates unprecedented packaging density and scalability in a clinically relevant package.

Abstract

<h3>Abstract</h3> Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) hold promise for the restoration of sensory and motor function and the treatment of neurological disorders, but clinical BMIs have not yet been widely adopted, in part because modest channel counts have limited their potential. In this white paper, we describe Neuralink's first steps toward a scalable high-bandwidth BMI system. We have built arrays of small and flexible electrode "threads", with as many as 3,072 electrodes per array distributed across 96 threads. We have also built a neurosurgical robot capable of inserting six threads (192 electrodes) per minute. Each thread can be individually inserted into the brain with micron precision for avoidance of surface vasculature and targeting specific brain regions. The electrode array is packaged into a small implantable device that contains custom chips for low-power on-board amplification and digitization: the package for 3,072 channels occupies less than (23 × 18.5 × 2) mm³. A single USB-C cable provides full-bandwidth data streaming from the device, recording from all channels simultaneously. This system has achieved a spiking yield of up to 85.5 % in chronically implanted electrodes. Neuralink's approach to BMI has unprecedented packaging density and scalability in a clinically relevant package.