Journal of Materials Chemistry · 2005 · 1.1K citations · 47 references
Natural SciencesMaterials EngineeringMaterials ScienceElectrochemical EngineeringEnergy MaterialsInorganic ChemistryBattery MaterialsBattery TechnologyElectrochemical CellsElectrochemical Energy ConversionElectrochemical Energy StorageElectrode MaterialsLithium-ion BatteriesLithium-ion Battery Anode MaterialsLithium-ion Battery ChemistryLithium-ion Battery Electrodes Based On Metal OxidesManganese OxidesMetal Oxide ElectrodesOxide Phase DiagramsRechargeable Batteries
Recent work has advanced manganese‑rich composite electrodes that integrate Li₂MnO₃ with layered LiMO₂ or spinel LiM₂O₄ components. These composites are activated by lithia formation or lithium extraction from the Li₂MnO₃, LiMO₂, and LiM₂O₄ phases, with charge/discharge pathways mapped on compositional phase diagrams. They deliver >250 mAh g⁻¹ initial capacity and 250 mAh g⁻¹ rechargeable capacity between 5 and 2 V vs Li⁰, indicating promise for next‑generation high‑capacity lithium‑ion batteries.
Recent advances to develop manganese-rich electrodes derived from ‘composite’ structures in which a Li2MnO3 (layered) component is structurally integrated with either a layered LiMO2 component or a spinel LiM2O4 component, in which M is predominantly Mn and Ni, are reviewed. The electrodes, which can be represented in two-component notation as xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiMO2 and xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiM2O4, are activated by lithia (Li2O) and/or lithium removal from the Li2MnO3, LiMO2 and LiM2O4 components. The electrodes provide an initial capacity >250 mAh g−1 when discharged between 5 and 2.0 V vs. Li0 and a rechargeable capacity up to 250 mAh g−1 over the same potential window. Electrochemical charge and discharge reactions are followed on compositional phase diagrams. The data bode well for the development and exploitation of high capacity electrodes for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries.
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Lithium insertion into manganese spinels
M. M. Thackeray, William I. F. David, Peter G. Bruce et al. · Materials Research Bulletin · 1983 · 1.7K citations