Endocardial and epicardial radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of atrial fibrillation with a new intra-operative device✩

Abstract

Both endocardial and epicardial RF applications are simple and quick to perform and do not pose an additional risk for most patients. Furthermore we believe that it is possible to perform bilateral epicardial radiofrequency ablation of the pulmonary veins without cardiopulmonary bypass. Further refinements of the technique are needed to assure transmurality of all lesions and better results.