Biological Factors Involved in the Osseointegration of Oral Titanium Implants With Different Surfaces: A Pilot Study in Minipigs

Abstract

We observed that the levels of BMP-4 and TGF-beta1, which play essential roles in the osteogenesis process, increased earlier around the porous implants than around the machined implants. Similarly, the ossification process was initiated earlier at the surfaces of the porous implants than at the surfaces of the machined implants.