Plant tolerance to high temperature in a changing environment: scientific fundamentals and production of heat stress-tolerant crops

TLDR

Global warming and extreme heat events threaten crop productivity worldwide, affecting plant physiology, biochemistry, and gene regulation, and varying by region and crop type. The review aims to evaluate how climate change impacts crop production and to identify research advances that elucidate mechanisms of heat tolerance. The authors synthesize current research on the physiological, biochemical, and genetic mechanisms of heat tolerance and outline breeding and biotechnological methods to develop heat‑resilient crops.

Abstract

Global warming is predicted to have a general negative effect on plant growth due to the damaging effect of high temperatures on plant development. The increasing threat of climatological extremes including very high temperatures might lead to catastrophic loss of crop productivity and result in wide spread famine. In this review, we assess the impact of global climate change on the agricultural crop production. There is a differential effect of climate change both in terms of geographic location and the crops that will likely show the most extreme reductions in yield as a result of expected extreme fluctuations in temperature and global warming in general. High temperature stress has a wide range of effects on plants in terms of physiology, biochemistry and gene regulation pathways. However, strategies exist to crop improvement for heat stress tolerance. In this review, we present recent advances of research on all these levels of investigation and focus on potential leads that may help to understand more fully the mechanisms that make plants tolerant or susceptible to heat stress. Finally, we review possible procedures and methods which could lead to the generation of new varieties with sustainable yield production, in a world likely to be challenged both by increasing population, higher average temperatures and larger temperature fluctuations.