Salivary biomarkers of bacterial burden, inflammatory response, and tissue destruction in periodontitis

TLDR

Chronic periodontitis is episodic and multifactorial, with fluctuating bacterial load, inflammation, and tissue destruction. The study examined whether salivary biomarkers and a cumulative risk score could detect periodontitis in patients with coronary artery disease. Salivary levels of MMP‑8, IL‑1β, and P. gingivalis were quantified in 493 subjects, who also underwent clinical and radiographic examinations, and a CRS index was computed from the three biomarkers.

Abstract

Abstract Aim Chronic periodontitis has an episodic and multifactorial character, with fluctuations in bacterial burden, inflammatory response, and tissue destruction. We investigated the association of selected salivary biomarkers with periodontal parameters and validated the use of a novel salivary diagnostic approach, the cumulative risk score ( CRS ), in detection of periodontitis in subjects with angiographically verified coronary artery disease diagnosis. Materials and Methods The concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase ( MMP )‐8, interleukin ( IL )‐1 β , and Porphyromonas gingivalis were analysed from saliva of 493 subjects. The subjects participated in a detailed clinical and radiographic oral examination. The CRS index, combining the three salivary biomarkers, was calculated for each subject. Results High salivary concentrations of MMP ‐8, IL ‐1 β , and P. gingivalis were associated with deepened periodontal pockets and alveolar bone loss, and MMP ‐8 and IL ‐1 β with bleeding on probing. The CRS index had a stronger association with moderate to severe periodontitis ( OR 6.13; 95% CI 3.11–12.09) than any of the markers alone. Conclusions Salivary concentrations of MMP ‐8, IL ‐1 β , and P. gingivalis are associated with various clinical and radiographic measures of periodontitis. The CRS index, combining the three salivary biomarkers, is associated with periodontitis more strongly than any of the markers alone regardless of the coronary artery disease status of the patients.