Some convexity theorems for matrices

Abstract

The numerical range of a bounded linear operator A on a complex Hilbertspace H is the set W ( A ) = {( Af, f ): ║f║ = 1}. Because it is convex andits closure contains the spectrum of A , the numerical range is often a useful toolin operator theory. However, even when H is two-dimensional, the numerical range of an operator can be large relative to its spectrum, so that knowledge of W ( A ) generally permits only crude information about A . P. R. Halmos [2] has suggested a refinement of the notion of numerical range by introducing the k -numerical ranges for k = 1, 2, 3, …. It is clear that W 1 ( A ) = W ( A ). C. A. Berger [2] has shown that W k ( A ) is convex.