Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated with Elevated Oxidative Stress and Dysfunctional Dense High-Density Lipoprotein Particles Displaying Impaired Antioxidative Activity

TLDR

Metabolic syndrome is marked by insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and increased cardiovascular risk, often accompanied by low HDL‑cholesterol levels. The study aimed to assess whether HDL subfractions from MetS patients could protect LDL from oxidative damage. Researchers evaluated the antioxidative capacity of physicochemically distinct HDL subfractions isolated from MetS subjects. MetS patients displayed insulin resistance, central obesity, elevated blood pressure, triglycerides, LDL‑cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, glucose, and insulin, a 3.7‑fold rise in plasma 8‑isoprostanes, and markedly reduced specific antioxidative activity in small dense HDL3 subfractions (up to 23 %) and total activity in HDL2a/3a (up to 41 %), correlating with oxidative stress and insulin resistance and suggesting that increasing dense HDL subfractions may lower cardiovascular risk.

Abstract

Abstract A metabolic syndrome (MetS) phenotype is characterized by insulin-resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and elevated cardiovascular risk and frequently involves subnormal levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. We evaluated the capacity of physicochemically distinct HDL subfractions from MetS subjects to protect low-density lipoprotein against oxidative stress. MetS subjects presented an insulin-resistant phenotype, with central obesity and elevation in systolic blood pressure and plasma triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, glucose, and insulin levels. Systemic oxidative stress, assessed as plasma 8-isoprostanes, was significantly higher (3.7-fold) in MetS subjects (n = 10) compared with nonobese normolipidemic controls (n = 11). In MetS, small, dense HDL3a, 3b, and 3c subfractions possessed significantly lower specific antioxidative activity (up to −23%, on a unit particle mass basis) than their counterparts in controls. In addition, HDL2a and 3a subfractions from MetS patients possessed lower total antioxidative activity (up to −41%, at equivalent plasma concentrations). The attenuated antioxidative activity of small, dense HDL subfractions correlated with systemic oxidative stress and insulin resistance and was associated with HDL particles exhibiting altered physicochemical properties (core triglyceride enrichment and cholesteryl ester depletion). We conclude that antioxidative activity of small, dense HDL subfractions of altered chemical composition is impaired in MetS and associated with elevated oxidative stress and insulin resistance. Induction of selective increase in the circulating concentrations of dense HDL subfractions may represent an innovative therapeutic approach for the attenuation of high cardiovascular risk in MetS.