Greenhouse Implications of Household Stoves: An Analysis for India

TLDR

Biomass fuel cycles are often assumed GHG neutral, yet households using such fuels can still contribute significantly to emissions if the biomass is not harvested renewably. The study aims to test this assumption by evaluating emissions from a range of household stoves used in India. It employs an emissions database that records CO₂, CO, CH₄, NMHC, N₂O, and total suspended particulates for stoves powered by six biomass fuels, kerosene, LPG, and biogas. The results reveal that typical biomass stoves have a high global warming commitment per meal due to thermal inefficiency and incomplete combustion, sometimes exceeding fossil fuels, whereas biogas, with its high combustion efficiency, has the lowest GWC and demonstrates policy opportunities for cost‑effective GHG reduction and local benefits.

Abstract

▪ Abstract It is commonly assumed that biomass fuel cycles based on renewable harvesting of wood or agricultural wastes are greenhouse-gas (GHG) neutral because the combusted carbon in the form of CO 2 is soon taken up by regrowing vegetation. Thus, the two fifths or more of the world's households relying on such fuels are generally not thought to play a significant role in GHG emissions, except where the wood or other biomass they use is not harvested renewably. This review examines this assumption using an emissions database of CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , NMHC, N 2 O, and total suspended particulate emissions from a range of household stoves in common use in India using six biomass fuels, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, and biogas. Because typical biomass stoves are thermally inefficient and divert substantial fuel carbon to products of incomplete combustion, their global warming commitment (GWC) per meal is high. Depending on time horizons and which GHGs are measured, the GWC of a meal cooked on a biomass stove can actually exceed that of the fossil fuels, even if based on renewably harvested fuel. Biogas, being based on a renewable fuel and, because it is a gas, being combusted with high efficiency in simple devices, has by far the lowest GWC emitted at the stove per meal and is indicative of the advantage that upgraded fuels made from biomass have in moving toward sustainable development goals. There are a number of policy implications of this work, including revelation of a range of win-win opportunities for international investment in rural energy development that would achieve cost-effective GHG reduction as well as substantial local benefits.