Seasonal patterns of bacterivory by flagellates, ciliates, rotifers, and cladocerans in a freshwater planktonic community

TLDR

Bacterivory was quantified by directly observing tracer particle uptake across the entire planktonic community in eutrophic Lake Oglethorpe, Georgia. Flagellates dominated bacterivory, accounting for 49–81% of grazing area and up to 98% at depth, with pigmented flagellates peaking in winter and spring (up to 45% area, 79% at depth), while rotifers and ciliates contributed up to 25–30% at some depths but averaged 3–11% yearly, cladocerans were <1%, copepods were undetected, and total bacterial mortality ranged from 11 to 162% of production, confirming the tracer-based estimates.

Abstract

Bacterivory in eutrophic Lake Oglethorpe, Georgia, was determined by direct observation of tracer particle uptake by all members of the planktonic community. Heterotrophic flagellates dominated grazing at all times, accounting for 49–81% of grazing on an areal basis and up to 98% of grazing at some depths. Pigmented (mixotrophic) flagellates were major grazers during winter and spring blooms, when they contributed up to 45% of community grazing on an areal basis and 79% at depths of maximum abundance. In late spring to early summer, rotifers and ciliates were responsible for as much as 25 and 30% of bacterivory at some depths, but averaged 3 and 11% over the year, respectively. Grazing impact of cladoceran crustaceans was generally &lt;1% of the total. Bacterivory by copepods was not detected. Total bacterial mortality due to grazing ranged from 11 to 162% of bacterial cell production estimated from the incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine. Use of 0.57‐ µ m microspheres as tracers gave similar estimates of ingestion to fluorescently labeled bacteria in this system. The use of 4% ice‐cold glutaraldehyde mixed 1 : 1 with the water sample was found to be equally effective to an acrolein‐tannic acid mixture for reducing egestion of particles by protists. We therefore consider our findings to be representative of bacterivory by the planktonic community in this eutrophic system.