Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom · 1959 · 36 citations · 9 references
Life SciencesMarine BiologyZoologyInvertebrate ZoologyMarine ParasitologyMarine Reproductive BiologyFish Reproductive EcologyInvertebrate ReproductionReproductive EcologyReproductive SeasonalitySpawning BiologySpawning DynamicsBreeding Season TimingBreeding SeasonalityFish Reproductive SeasonalityFish Spawning DynamicsMarine Invertebrate Reproductive EcologySeasonal Breeding PatternsSpawning Phenology
As a result of work by Pirlot (1933), Newell (1948), Smidt (1951) and Duncan (1953) it has become accepted that on European coasts the lugworm has a restricted breeding season occurring only in the autumn. Previously, several workers had stated that this species also spawns in the spring. Kyle (1896) reported that at St Andrews spawning took place between January and March and again between July and September. Similarly, Gamble and Ashworth (1898) and Ashworth (1904) found that on the Lancashire coast the laminarian variety spawned in the spring, although the littoral variety spawned during late summer.
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