Obesity-associated improvements in metabolic profile through expansion of adipose tissue

TLDR

Excess caloric intake can lead to insulin resistance, likely due to ectopic lipid deposition in non‑adipose tissues. The study hypothesized that impaired expansion of subcutaneous adipose tissue underlies insulin resistance and β‑cell failure. Transgenic ob/ob mice overexpressing adiponectin exhibited normalized glucose and insulin levels, reduced serum triglycerides, increased adipose mass, diminished macrophage infiltration and systemic inflammation, and improved insulin sensitivity, indicating that adiponectin acts as a peripheral starvation signal that redirects triglycerides to adipose tissue and ameliorates metabolic dysfunction.

Abstract

Excess caloric intake can lead to insulin resistance. The underlying reasons are complex but likely related to ectopic lipid deposition in nonadipose tissue. We hypothesized that the inability to appropriately expand subcutaneous adipose tissue may be an underlying reason for insulin resistance and β cell failure. Mice lacking leptin while overexpressing adiponectin showed normalized glucose and insulin levels and dramatically improved glucose as well as positively affected serum triglyceride levels. Therefore, modestly increasing the levels of circulating full-length adiponectin completely rescued the diabetic phenotype in ob/ob mice. They displayed increased expression of PPARγ target genes and a reduction in macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue and systemic inflammation. As a result, the transgenic mice were morbidly obese, with significantly higher levels of adipose tissue than their ob/ob littermates, leading to an interesting dichotomy of increased fat mass associated with improvement in insulin sensitivity. Based on these data, we propose that adiponectin acts as a peripheral “starvation” signal promoting the storage of triglycerides preferentially in adipose tissue. As a consequence, reduced triglyceride levels in the liver and muscle convey improved systemic insulin sensitivity. These mice therefore represent what we believe is a novel model of morbid obesity associated with an improved metabolic profile.