Vitamin C Affects Thrombosis/ Fibrinolysis System and Reactive Hyperemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract

OBJECTIVE—To examine the effect of vitamin C on forearm vasodilatory response to reactive hyperemia and on plasma level of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), von Willebrand factor (vWF), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), antithrombin III (ATIII), proteins C and S, and factors V (fV) and VII (fVII) in patients with both type 2 diabetes and CAD. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 39 patients with type 2 diabetes and CAD were divided into two groups and received vitamin C (2 g/day) or no antioxidant for 4 weeks. Forearm blood flow was determined using venous occlusion gauge-strain plethysmography at baseline and after treatment. Forearm vasodilatory response to reactive hyperemia (RH%) or nitrate (NTG%) was defined as the percent change of flow from baseline to the maximum flow during reactive hyperemia or after administration of nitrate, respectively. Biochemical markers were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or other standard methods. RESULTS—RH% was significantly increased after treatment with vitamin C (from 62.4 ± 7.2 to 83.1 ± 9.3%, P = 0.024) but remained unaffected in the control group. Vitamin C decreased plasma levels of fV (from 143 ± 5.4 to 123 ± 6.03%, P = 0.038), vWF (from 133.5 ± 14.5 to 109.5 ± 11.4%, P = 0.016), and tPA (from 12.3 ± 0.99 to 8.40 ± 0.60 ng/ml, P = 0.001), whereas these levels remained unaffected in the control group. The changes in RH%, vWF, and tPA were significantly greater (P = 0.028, 0.036, and 0.007, respectively) in the vitamin C-treated group than in the control group. Levels of ATIII, proteins S and C, fVII, and PAI-1 remained unchanged in all groups. CONCLUSIONS—Short-term treatment with high doses of vitamin C improved RH% and decreased plasma levels of tPA and vWF in patients with type 2 diabetes and CAD.