The Grandparents Effect in Social Mobility

TLDR

The study investigates intergenerational social mobility across three generations using data from three British birth cohort studies. The authors analyze these cohort datasets to assess mobility patterns. Grandparents’ social class significantly influences both absolute and relative mobility of grandchildren, with professional‑managerial grandparents increasing grandchildren’s odds of entering the professional‑managerial class by at least 2.5 times, even after controlling for parents’ class, education, income, and wealth.

Abstract

Using data from three British birth cohort studies, we examine patterns of social mobility over three generations of family members. For both men and women, absolute mobility rates (i.e., total, upward, downward, and outflow mobility rates) in the partial parents-children mobility tables vary substantially by grandparents’ social class. In terms of relative mobility patterns, we find a statistically significant association between grandparents’ and grandchildren’s class positions, after parents’ social class is taken into account. The net grandparents-grandchildren association can be summarized by a single uniform association parameter. Net of parents’ social class, the odds of grandchildren entering the professional-managerial class rather than the unskilled manual class are at least two and a half times better if the grandparents were themselves in professional-managerial rather than unskilled manual-class positions. This grandparents effect in social mobility persists even when parents’ education, income, and wealth are taken into account.