Adenotonsillectomy Outcomes in Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children

TLDR

The overall efficacy of adenotonsillectomy for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is uncertain. The study aimed to quantify how demographic and clinical factors influence the success of adenotonsillectomy in treating OSAS. A multicenter retrospective review of pre‑ and post‑operative polysomnograms in 578 otherwise healthy children, analyzed with multivariate generalized linear modeling, assessed the impact of demographic variables on post‑operative AHI. Adenotonsillectomy significantly lowered AHI, yet only 27 % achieved complete resolution, with age and BMI z‑score being the strongest predictors of residual OSAS, especially in older or obese patients.

Abstract

The overall efficacy of adenotonsillectomy (AT) in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children is unknown. Although success rates are likely lower than previously estimated, factors that promote incomplete resolution of OSAS after AT remain undefined.To quantify the effect of demographic and clinical confounders known to impact the success of AT in treating OSAS.A multicenter collaborative retrospective review of all nocturnal polysomnograms performed both preoperatively and postoperatively on otherwise healthy children undergoing AT for the diagnosis of OSAS was conducted at six pediatric sleep centers in the United States and two in Europe. Multivariate generalized linear modeling was used to assess contributions of specific demographic factors on the post-AT obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (AHI).Data from 578 children (mean age, 6.9 +/- 3.8 yr) were analyzed, of which approximately 50% of included children were obese. AT resulted in a significant AHI reduction from 18.2 +/- 21.4 to 4.1 +/- 6.4/hour total sleep time (P < 0.001). Of the 578 children, only 157 (27.2%) had complete resolution of OSAS (i.e., post-AT AHI <1/h total sleep time). Age and body mass index z-score emerged as the two principal factors contributing to post-AT AHI (P < 0.001), with modest contributions by the presence of asthma and magnitude of pre-AT AHI (P < 0.05) among nonobese children.AT leads to significant improvements in indices of sleep-disordered breathing in children. However, residual disease is present in a large proportion of children after AT, particularly among older (>7 yr) or obese children. In addition, the presence of severe OSAS in nonobese children or of chronic asthma warrants post-AT nocturnal polysomnography, in view of the higher risk for residual OSAS.