An evaluation of desulfurization technologies for sulfur removal from liquid fuels

TLDR

Sulfur compounds are common crude oil impurities that emit SO₂ and sulfate particulate matter, endangering public health, damaging engines, and impairing emission controls, prompting extensive research to lower sulfur concentrations below 10 mg L⁻¹. This review surveys the current status of global desulphurization techniques and highlights emerging ultra‑deep methods for producing ultra‑low‑sulfur fuels. The authors outline novel ultra‑deep desulphurization technologies, including selective adsorption, biodesulfurization, and oxidative extraction, detailing their operational principles and potential for ultra‑low‑sulfur fuel production.

Abstract

Sulfur compounds represent one of the most common impurities present in the crude oil. Sulfur in liquid fuel oil leads directly to the emission of SO2 and sulfate particulate matter (SPM) that endangers public health and community property; and reduces the life of the engine due to corrosion. Furthermore, the sulfur compounds in the exhaust gases of diesel engines can significantly impair the emission control technology designed to meet NOx and SPM emission standards. The research efforts for developing conventional hydrodesulfurization and alternative desulfurization methods such as selective adsorption, biodesulfurization, oxidation/extraction (oxidative desulfurization), etc. for removing these refractory sulfur compounds from petroleum products are on the rise. Research laboratories and refineries are spending huge amounts of money in finding a viable and feasible solution to reduce sulfur to a concentration of less than 10 mg l−1. This paper reviews the current status in detail of various desulphurization techniques being studied worldwide. It presents an overview of novel emerging technologies for ultra-deep desulfurization so as to produce ultra-low-sulfur fuels.