In search of the visual pigment template

TLDR

The study aimed to test and refine universal templates for visual pigment absorbance spectra across diverse species, proposing modified α‑band templates that capture both absorbance and spectral sensitivity over the full λ max range. Microspectrophotometry was used to record absorbance spectra from 39 rod and cone types across amphibians, reptiles, and fishes, and the authors modeled the spectra with α‑band templates and a λ‑max‑dependent Gaussian β‑band. The refined templates accurately reproduce frog rhodopsin and amphibian rod spectra, correct systematic deviations in λ‑max invariance for A1 and A2 pigments, and provide a reliable description of visual pigment spectra above 350 nm, confirming the validity of universal templates.

Abstract

Absorbance spectra were recorded by microspectrophotometry from 39 different rod and cone types representing amphibians, reptiles, and fishes, with A1- or A2-based visual pigments and λ max ranging from 357 to 620 nm. The purpose was to investigate accuracy limits of putative universal templates for visual pigment absorbance spectra, and if possible to amend the templates to overcome the limitations. It was found that (1) the absorbance spectrum of frog rhodopsin extract very precisely parallels that of rod outer segments from the same individual, with only a slight hypsochromic shift in λ max , hence templates based on extracts are valid for absorbance in situ ; (2) a template based on the bovine rhodopsin extract data of Partridge and De Grip (1991) describes the absorbance of amphibian rod outer segments excellently, contrary to recent electrophysiological results; (3) the λ max /λ invariance of spectral shape fails for A1 pigments with small λ max and for A2 pigments with large λ max , but the deviations are systematic and can be readily incorporated into, for example, the Lamb (1995) template. We thus propose modified templates for the main “α-band” of A1 and A2 pigments and show that these describe both absorbance and spectral sensitivities of photoreceptors over the whole range of λ max . Subtraction of the α-band from the full absorbance spectrum leaves a “β-band” described by a λ max -dependent Gaussian. We conclude that the idea of universal templates (one for A1- and one for A2-based visual pigments) remains valid and useful at the present level of accuracy of data on photoreceptor absorbance and sensitivity. The sum of our expressions for the α- and β-band gives a good description for visual pigment spectra with λ max > 350 nm.