Effec t of Matriarchs on Group Interactions, Kinship Fitness, and Diffe rences In Chemosensory Behavior of African Elephants (Loxodonta Africana)

Abstract

10 Introduction 11 Materials and Methods 17 Results 20 Discussion 25 References 33 CHAPTER II. THE EFFECT OF GROUP CHARACTERISTICS ON FITNESS AND CHEMOSENSORY BEHAVIOR OF FEMALE AFRICAN ELEPHANTS (LOXODONTA AFRICANA) 38 Abstract 38 Introduction 39 Material and Methods 44 Results 47 Discussion 49 References 57 APPENDICES 80 A. COMPLETE ETHOGRAM 80 B. NON-SIGNIFICANT BEHAVIORAL SIGNATURE ANALYSES...83