Percutaneous Pericardial Instrumentation for Endo-Epicardial Mapping of Previously Failed Ablations

Abstract

Failure of endocardial ablation could reflect the presence of an epicardial arrhythmia substrate. Epicardial instrumentation and ablation appeared feasible and safe and provided an alternative strategy for the treatment of patients with a variety of arrhythmias. This was particularly true for VT, including patients without structural heart disease.