Rapid ecological and behavioural changes in carnivores: the responses of black bears (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) to altered food

TLDR

Urban sprawl in western North America has increased conflicts between large carnivores and humans, yet few studies track temporal behavioral and ecological changes of carnivores at the same sites. This study aimed to test how novel food resources from human population growth influence black bear behavior and ecology. Researchers compared black bears in urban–wildland interface and wildland settings at the Sierra Nevada–Great Basin border, using garbage as a food source, and contrasted current data with observations from the same population 10–15 years earlier. Bears in urban interface were less active, shifted to nocturnal activity, entered dens later, and stayed in dens fewer days, demonstrating rapid ecological changes within a few years.

Abstract

Abstract Many areas have experienced disproportionate increases in the number of conflicts between large carnivores and humans, and this is especially true in western North America where urban sprawl has encroached into regions that have historically contained large carnivores. Yet, globally there is a paucity of studies of temporal changes in behavioural and ecological parameters of carnivores associated with human‐induced perturbations at the same location. We capitalized on the extent to which human population growth and its coincident food stores offer a quasi‐experimental setting to test hypotheses about the impact of novel food resources. Using black bears Ursus americanus and garbage, measures of behaviour and ecology were contrasted between individuals living in urban–wildland interface (‘experimental’) and in wildland (‘control’) settings at the interface of the Sierra Nevada Range and the Great Basin Desert in the western United States. A temporal dimension was included by comparing our data to those from the same population lacking areas of human encroachment 10–15 years earlier. Specifically, an examination was made of the impacts of garbage on bear time budgets, patterns of activity, and den chronology. Individuals at urban interface areas relative to wildland conspecifics were: (1) active for significantly fewer h per day (8.5 vs 13.3 h; P &lt;0.01); (2) shifted their activities to nocturnal periods ( P &lt;0.001); (3) entered dens significantly later and remained in them for significantly fewer days ( P &lt;0.05). Our results are contrasted with selected carnivores from sites where attendant changes in behaviour and ecology have accompanied landscape changes associated with human activity. Our findings suggest alterations in carnivore ecology may be rapid and occur within shorter periods than had been previously assumed.