Wave Propagations in the<i>F</i>=1 Spinor Bose–Einstein Condensates

Abstract

Propagations of nonlinear waves in the quasi-one dimensional F =1 spinor Bose–Einstein condensates are studied. The three-component macroscopic wavefunction obeys a generalized Gross–Pitaevskii equation (nonlinear Schrödinger equation). Plane wave and solitary wave solutions are obtained explicitly. It is shown that the analysis of the plane waves leads to a classification of solitary waves, which are known as polar solitons and ferromagnetic solitons.