Detection of Magnetic Inclination Angle by Sea Turtles: A Possible Mechanism for Determining Latitude

Abstract

For animals that migrate long distances, the magnetic field of the earth provides not only a possible cue for compass orientation, but a potential source of world-wide positional information. At each location on the globe, the geomagnetic field lines intersect the earth's surface at a specific angle of inclination. Because inclination angles vary with latitude, an animal able to distinguish between different field inclinations might, in principle, determine its approximate latitude. Such an ability, however, has never been demonstrated in any animal. We studied the magnetic orientation behavior of hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta L.) exposed to earth-strength magnetic fields of different inclinations. Hatchlings exposed to the natural field of their natal beach swam eastward, as they normally do during their offshore migration. In contrast, those subjected to an inclination angle found on the northern boundary of the North Atlantic gyre (their presumed migratory path) swam south-southwest. Hatchlings exposed to an inclination angle found near the southern boundary of the gyre swam in a northeasterly direction, and those exposed to inclination angles they do not normally encounter, or to a field inclination found well within the northern and southern extremes of the gyre, were not significantly oriented. These results demonstrate that sea turtles can distinguish between different magnetic inclination angles and perhaps derive from them an approximation of latitude. Most sea turtles nest on coastlines that are aligned approximately north­south, so that each region of nesting beach has a unique inclination angle associated with it. We therefore hypothesize that the ability to recognize specific inclination angles may largely explain how adult sea turtles can identify their natal beaches after years at sea.