An Autonomous Microfluidic Sensor for Phosphate: On-Site Analysis of Treated Wastewater

Abstract

A microfluidic sensor for long-term monitoring of phosphate levels has been developed that incorporates sampling, reagent and waste storage, detection, and wireless communication into a compact and portable device. The sensor is based on the yellow method for phosphate determination, a simple colorimetric technique involving the formation of vanadomolybdophosphoric acid when a phosphate-containing sample is mixed with an acidic reagent containing ammonium molybdate and ammonium meta-vanadate. This paper describes the application of the phosphate sensor to the on-site analysis of effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. The data was validated by comparison with the plant's existing online monitor, and a good correlation between the two sets of data was achieved, showing that the phosphate sensor is capable of operating satisfactorily at low mg L <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> levels over extended periods of time.