Tutorial on Earthquake Rotational Effects: Historical Examples

Abstract

Earthquake rotational effects have been observed for centuries. The first class of rotational seismic models includes two models defined by Mallet (1862) in the mid-nineteenth century based on the rotation of bodies to their underlying structures. These rotational effects satisfactorily explain observed surface rotations. In this short tutorial (based mostly on western literature), we will briefly discuss the historical aspects of earthquake rotational effects.