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Switching of perpendicular magnetization by spin–orbit torques in the absence of external magnetic fields

EngineeringSpin SystemsPerpendicular MagnetizationSpintronic MaterialSpin DynamicSpin PhenomenonMagnetic MaterialsMagnetoresistanceMagnetismSpin PhysicsSpin-charge-orbit ConversionSpin-orbit EffectsPhysicsSpin–orbit TorquesSpintronicsExternal Magnetic FieldsSpin-orbit TorqueNatural SciencesMagnetic Device