Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.

TLDR

Emotions are represented by memory structures, with anxiety arising when escape programs are activated, and emotional processing involves modifying these structures; exposure to feared situations is a common, effective therapeutic approach. The article proposes mechanisms governing emotional information processing, especially for fear reduction. The authors analyze physiological activation, habituation, and related variables to determine the information that must be integrated for emotional processing of fear. Treatment failures are attributed to interference from cognitive defenses, autonomic arousal, mood, and erroneous ideation, and the concepts are applied to therapy and psychopathology.

Abstract

In this article we propose mechanisms that govern the processing of emotional information, particularly those involved in fear reduction. Emotions are viewed as represented by information structures in memory, and anxiety is thought to occur when an information structure that serves as program to escape or avoid danger is activated. Emotional processing is denned as the modification of memory structures that underlie emotions. It is argued that some form of exposure to feared situations is common to many psychotherapies for anxiety, and that confrontation with feared objects or situations is an effective treatment. Physiological activation and habituation within and across exposure sessions are cited as indicators of emotional processing, and variables that influence activation and habituation of fear responses are examined. These variables and the indicators are analyzed to yield an account of what information must be integrated for emotional processing of a fear structure. The elements of such a structure are viewed as cognitive representations of the stimulus characteristic of the fear situation, the individual's responses in it, and aspects of its meaning for the individual. Treatment failures are interpreted with respect to the interference of cognitive defenses, autonomic arousal, mood state, and erroneous ideation with reformation of targeted fear structures. Applications of the concepts advanced here to therapeutic practice and to the broader study of psychopathology are discussed.