Phospho‐olivines as Positive‐Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

TLDR

First sentence (Mechanism): "Chemical lithium extraction produces a heterosite‑isostructural phase, and the resulting interactions destabilize and stabilize energy levels to enable accessible energy transfer." Second sentence (Findings): "Phospho‑olivines exhibit reversible lithium extraction/insertion at 3.5 V vs Li, delivering 100–110 mAh g⁻¹ with a two‑phase mechanism and diffusion‑limited capacity loss at higher rates, while preserving the ordered olivine framework; the inexpensive, nontoxic, environmentally benign material is a promising low‑power cathode." Check sentence count: 2. Each ends with period.

Abstract

Reversible extraction of lithium from (triphylite) and insertion of lithium into at 3.5 V vs. lithium at 0.05 mA/cm2 shows this material to be an excellent candidate for the cathode of a low‐power, rechargeable lithium battery that is inexpensive, nontoxic, and environmentally benign. Electrochemical extraction was limited to ∼0.6 Li/formula unit; but even with this restriction the specific capacity is 100 to 110 mAh/g. Complete extraction of lithium was performed chemically; it gave a new phase, , isostructural with heterosite, . The framework of the ordered olivine is retained with minor displacive adjustments. Nevertheless the insertion/extraction reaction proceeds via a two‐phase process, and a reversible loss in capacity with increasing current density appears to be associated with a diffusion‐limited transfer of lithium across the two‐phase interface. Electrochemical extraction of lithium from isostructural (M = Mn, Co, or Ni) with an electrolyte was not possible; but successful extraction of lithium from was accomplished with maximum oxidation of the occurring at x = 0.5. The couple was oxidized first at 3.5 V followed by oxidation of the couple at 4.1 V vs. lithium. The interactions appear to destabilize the level and stabilize the level so as to make the energy accessible.