Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · 1995 · 336 citations · 28 references
EducationHuman DevelopmentPsychologyChild DevelopmentDevelopmental PsychologyMaternal Mental HealthChild PsychopathologyInfant DevelopmentMaternal Mental Health In PregnancyNeurodevelopmental AssessmentParentingPrenatal DevelopmentBirth Weight AssessmentChild DepressionDepression During PregnancyDepression In PregnancyMaternal Mental Health DisordersMental Health During PregnancyParental DepressionPostnatal Depression
A follow-up study was carried out to investigate the children of 204 mothers who had previously participated in a study of their mental health during pregnancy and the first postnatal year. One hundred and seventy two children, 170 mothers, and 99 fathers were assessed when the children were 3 years 10 months. Boys of mothers depressed in the first year postpartum scored approximately 1 standard deviation lower on standardised tests of intellectual attainment than boys whose mothers were well that year. The difference was reliable even when behaviour during the test was controlled for, and general behavioural problems, birth weight, parental IQ measures of the family climate and home environment, mother-child interaction, and breast-feeding during infancy were taken into account.
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The social origins of depression
M. B. Shapiro · Behaviour Research and Therapy · 1979 · 2.2K citations
Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born preterm
Alan Lucas, Ruth Morley, Tim Cole et al. · The Lancet · 1992 · 1.2K citations
Medicine, Child Health, Pediatrics +16