Spatiotemporal Behavior of High Dominant Frequency During Paroxysmal and Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in the Human Left Atrium

Abstract

Focal areas of high DF are more frequent in paroxysmal than persistent AF, are spatiotemporally unstable, are not the source of centrifugal activation, and are not, therefore, indicative of fixed drivers of AF. In the absence of spatiotemporal stability, the success of ablation at sites of DF(peak) cannot be explained by elimination of fixed drivers.