Cytokine and Chemokine Responses in the Acute Phase of Hepatitis B Virus Replication in Naive and Previously Vaccinated Blood and Plasma Donors

Abstract

There is earlier engagement of innate and adaptive immunity in infected subjects with previous vaccination, possibly explaining suppressed viremia in vaccine breakthrough infections. Although breakthrough infections occur in partially protected vaccine recipients, vaccination likely contributes to early control of replication, limiting immune activation and preventing development of clinically significant acute and chronic HBV infection.